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[Ideas For Design]
Microcontroller-Based Sine-Wave Generator Has Crystal Accuracy

Contributing Author  |   ED Online ID #6243  |   December 14, 1998


One way to generate a sine wave is to pass a square wave through a low-pass filter. The high-order harmonics will be filtered out, leaving only the fundamental. The higher the order of the filter, the purer the sine wave produced.

The MAX292 is an 8th-order Bessel low-pass switched-capacitor filter. Its −3-dB corner frequency is controlled by its clock frequency in a 1:100 ratio. Using a 1:64 input-signal/clock ratio will produce a very clean sine wave. If this ratio is kept constant across the entire input frequency range, the amplitude of the filter output will be independent to the frequency.

Here, a high-speed microcontroller (Atmel’s AT90S1200) is used to generate square-wave and clock signals (see the figure). Meanwhile, the microcontroller accepts 13-bit frequency-control signals. The 13 bits are divided into two parts—the lower eight bits (D7-D0) are named delay_1, and the upper five bits (D12-D8) are named delay_2. No matter what frequency is selected, the base square wave and the clock will maintain a 1:64 ratio. Thus, the circuit will generate both sine-wave and square-wave signals at the base frequency, as well as a higher (64x) frequency square wave.

The frequency of the sine wave is given by:

fOUT = fOSC / (98688 * (delay_2−1) + 384 * delay_1 + 1408)

where fOUT is the sine-wave frequency and fOSC is the clock frequency of the microcontroller.

To generate a specific frequency sine wave, the values of delay_1 and delay_2 can be calculated from the equation above. For instance, assume fOSC is 16 MHz and a 60-Hz sine wave is needed. By using this equation, you can determine that delay_1 and delay_2 should be 177 and 3, respectively. Plugging these numbers back into the equation, the calculated output frequency will be 59.98 Hz.

The useful frequency range that can generated by this circuit is between 5.2282 Hz and 8928.6 Hz when the microcontroller operating at a 16-MHz clock frequency.

See associated figure


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    Reader Comments

    sir, i need the square wave generation program using 8051 microcontroller

    ALAGESWARI -October 11, 2008

    Make use of a PIC to develop a frequency indicator. You must have two binary outputs on port B. The output binary value must change according to the frequency input received from the above signal generator (See table). Make your own assumptions, draw the flowchart, write the program and draw the hardware circuit that you will use. Make use of a crystal oscillator. B2 B1 Frequency 0 0 fin=3KHZ 0 1 Fin=2.5KHZ 1 0 Fin=2KHZ 1 1 Fin=1.5KHZ

    Anonymous -October 03, 2008

    Make use of a PIC16F84A to develop a square wave signal generator.You must have two binary inputs on port B. the output frequency must change accoding to the binary input (See the table).make your own assumptions,draw the flowchart, write the program and draw the hardware ciruit that you will use. Make use of crystal oscillator.

    B2 B1 Frequency 0 0 1.5KHZ 0 1 2.0KHZ 1 0 2.5KHZ 1 1 3.0KHZ

    Anonymous -October 03, 2008

    Make use of a PIC16F84A to develop a square wave signal generator.You must have two binary inputs on port B. the output frequency must change accoding to the binary input

    Anonymous -October 03, 2008

    : Make use of a PIC to develop a frequency indicator. You must have two binary outputs on port B. The output binary value must change according to the frequency input received from the above signal generator (See table). Make your own assumptions, draw the flowchart, write the program and draw the hardware circuit that you will use. Make use of a crystal oscillator. B2 B1 Frequency 0 0 fin = 3kHz 0 1 fin = 2.5kHz 1 0 fin = 2kHz 1 1 fin = 1.5kHz

    Anonymous -September 30, 2008

    : Make use of a PIC to develop a square wave signal generator. You must have two binary inputs on port B. The output frequency must change according to the binary input (See table). Make your own assumptions, draw the flowchart, write the program and draw the hardware circuit that you will use. Make use of a crystal oscillator. B2 B1 Frequency 0 0 1.5kHz 0 1 20kHz 1 0 2.5kHz 1 1 30kHz

    Anonymous -September 30, 2008

    Hi, this is Prashanth AD, i am designing UPS using 16f72 can anybody please give the programming details

    Anonymous -September 25, 2008

    Hi I want to design an inverter based on microcontroller to control AC induction motor. Pls. can you help me by sending to me the detail circuit diagrams with software

    Ahmed M. Tahir -September 19, 2008

    I need to design a pwm based sine wave inverter using pic16f72. Anyone who has the required idea, please contact me. I am planning to set up a manufacturing unit for home inverters and anyone helping me may become a legal partner in my project. Thanks

    Anonymous -September 10, 2008

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    KARTHIK -September 09, 2008

    hi frends 16f72 sinewave inverter project avelable

    Anonymous -September 08, 2008

    hi frends 16f72 sinewave inverter project avelable

    Anand -September 08, 2008

    Dear Sir, I want to make a Pure Sine Wave Inverter with regulated Power Supply. Please Help me with the complete diagram.

    Anonymous -September 01, 2008

    dear sir i want a source code of atmel atmega8535 based sine wave pwm i try in bascom avr but i cont do that plz help me

    islahjadd -August 29, 2008

    pls kindly send me circut diagram for 200 250 and 300 watt pure sine wave circut diagram

    aboy -August 26, 2008

    pls kindly send me the circuit diagram for 200 250 and 300watt pure sine wave circuit diagram.

    aboy -August 26, 2008

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    Anonymous -August 25, 2008

    Hi everbody, Pls help me with pure sinewave circui diagram with ditail component list.

    Thanks in advance

    Anonymous -August 23, 2008

    give me some idea of PIC16F84a microcontroller based UPS and Iverter.

    Anonymous -August 02, 2008

    i want to generate sine wave of variable frequency using pwm technique. i want to make the help of microcontroller at89c8051

    Anonymous -July 10, 2008

    i want to find out a frequency of sign wave given to a one port of microcontroller(8051 or 52).how is it possible sir plz help me

    ksp_embedded -June 05, 2008

    I want to generate Pure 50 Hz sine wave and i/p for the inverter is 28V to 42V variable. The O/P voltage should be variable, which can be controlled in the range of 8V to 12V rms. How can the harmonic distortion be removed from the output

    Spmittal -May 12, 2008

    I am working on a project which is to design a combination lock using a PIC microcontroller. Can you please send me any infromation you have. Thanks

    Jason -April 07, 2008

    i want testing logic for vector power supply

    rajendra -March 18, 2008

    it's good, hope better.

    deelip -March 12, 2008

    Id appreciate if you could tell me if i can make a pure sine wave inveter and use Atmel's 89c51 to generate the PWM or freq or what ever.. |Please email me your ideas,..

    Umer -March 02, 2008

    i need a good softwear for sinewave inverter base on 16f72 any one can give me

    rajesh -February 23, 2008

    hi, i am doing my project on the topic of variable inverters......if anybody know related to inverters for ups papers plz send me.......

    Anonymous -February 22, 2008

    sir,we need some logic for generating 0-5Vpp square wave and with the help of microswitch we want to vary its fequency and display it.Thanks for allowing me to post my Question.

    harsh -February 21, 2008

    Use PCA arrray of PIC or 89c51RD2 for PWM generation

    saji -February 15, 2008

    sir,I want your help for making my final year project "signal generator using 8051" please give the detail information about my project

    jigar patel -February 13, 2008

    i need a circuit for microcontroller based lpg leak security system.. can anyone please guide me

    soumya -February 12, 2008

    I m Mike from west africa I want to know how I can genereate sine wave 50Hz oscillation in either PIC or AVR for a DC to AC inverter project. Thanks for allowing me to post my Question.

    Anonymous -February 06, 2008

    I m Mike from west africa I want to know how I can genereate sine wave 50Hz oscillation in either PIC or AVR for a DC to AC inverter project. Thanks for allowing me to post my Question.

    Anonymous -February 06, 2008

    Hello my powerful Friend, I want microcontroller project.Because my project is Jons CHOPPER using microcontroller, but my problem is i can not control my drive using potentiometer for smoothly control.

    Bharat Aalagiya -January 30, 2008

    i want to design digital filters and adaptive filters using pic microcontroller i dont know how to start that

    Anonymous -January 28, 2008

    i have many embedded and pic projects, including inverter, 2 way 3 ph motor drive H chpper, pic based projects email me MANDEEP_SINGH_BUMRAH@HOTMAIL.CO.UK

    MANDEEP -January 16, 2008

    Hello people i have many picmicro projects, including software and hardware based,i.e. inverter, picmicro based, batt charger function,low batt,overload,standard industrial and many other,please could you email me MANDEEP_SINGH_BUMRAH@HOTMAIL.CO.UK

    MANDEEP -January 16, 2008

    I want the complete circuit diagram with description of microcontroller based (sinusoidally)PWM signal generator to control frequency and voltage to control 3 phase induction motor.

    arif_eee -August 14, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    I want the complete circuit diagram with description of microcontroller based (sinusoidally)PWM signal generator to control frequency and voltage to control 3 phase induction motor.

    arif_eee -August 14, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    sir i want your help in making my project of "PC Based signal generator".It will be great pleaser for me if u give detailed information about that project.

    sumon -August 12, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    sir i want your help in making my project of "PC Based signal generator".It will be great pleaser for me if u give detailed information about that project.

    sumon -August 12, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    sir i want your help in making my project of "PC Based signal generator".It will be great pleaser for me if u give detailed information about that project.

    sumon -August 12, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    sir i want your help in making my project of "PC Based signal generator".It will be great pleaser for me if u give detailed information about that project.

    sumon -August 12, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    can u give detailed information about above sine wave generater project using embedded c programming and any other working project related to security system using 8051...I shallbe thankful to u.....sent me as soonas possible

    nishank -August 01, 2007

    Rating Only

    Rating Only -July 29, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    Rating Only

    Rating Only -July 11, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    article was realy helpful.please help me to design dsp based sine wave inverter

    sudipta -July 11, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    Full working PWM quasi sine wave inverter program using pic16f72 available for sale, timer, battery level, fast chage over, low manufacturing cost, single sided PCB.

    Tech know how for manufacturing available, Data include PIC HEX code, PCb files and schematic. Can make units up to 5kw , Fast change over, computer and lighting load compatible.

    More details, please mail to harimelath@gmail.com

    Anonymous -July 10, 2007

    PLEASE I WANT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR 12VDC TO 220VAC 50HZ 500W INVERTER BY USING PIC16F84 AS ADRIVE CIRCUIT FOR TME MOSFETS

    HASSAN -July 05, 2007

    sir i want your help in making my project of sine wave inverter using dsp & microprocesor for online ups also thankyou

    harsh -July 02, 2007

    Rating Only

    Rating Only -June 28, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    I want pure sine wave INVERTER using Digital IC'S I/P-80V TO 140V. O/P-100VA

    Tanmoy -June 28, 2007

    i want pure sinewave inverter circuit diagram

    premkumar -June 19, 2007

    i want pure sinewave inverter circuit diagram

    premkumar -June 19, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    i want pure sinewave inverter circuit diagram

    premkumar -June 19, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    Rating Only

    Rating Only -June 19, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    i want pure sinewave inverter circuit diagram

    premkumar -June 19, 2007

    i want working proceedure of dc motor control using 89c52

    Anonymous -June 16, 2007

    Rating Only

    Rating Only -June 11, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    Your help would be appreciated if you could advise how to use the circuit to provide 3 - phases, 120 degree phase shifted outputs. Thanks.

    Steve -June 03, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    I want some ideas on 89s51 microcontroller based UPS and Iverter plz.

    ben -May 28, 2007

    I want to develop pure sine wave inverter on pic16f72.Please let me know about the software and logic used to develop the pure sine wave.

    Anonymous -May 20, 2007

    Hi all, Full working sine wave inverter program using pic16f72 available for sale, tech know how for manufacturing available.

    Full technical know how available for full featured low freq and high freq ONLINE UPS manufacturing, installation and servicing.

    Contact : Hardev Singh hardev33@hotmail.com or call 9810240369

    Hardev Singh -May 19, 2007

    Iam looking for the design of dsp sine wave ups,inverter technology at output voltage will be 220VAC and 50Hz frequency.Please help me.

    P.Y.Ganga Ram -May 19, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    JASPREET SINGH JI CONTACT 9810240369

    Hardev Singh -May 18, 2007

    Full working sine wave inverter program available for pic16f72.

    Hardev Singh -May 18, 2007

    i want to generate the sinw wave from the PIC16c72/PIC16c74 of MICROCHIP corp for the invrter designing at output the voltage will be 220VAC and 50Hz frequency.

    himanshu aray -January 02, 2006

    Anonymous -May 16, 2007

    I needed to know about the technique of generating sine wave inverter using H bridge any simple pwm technique

    Gireesh -May 03, 2007

    hi plz send me generation of sine wave of variable frequency and the method adapted and general concept of pwmsine wave generation using microcontroller 89c52/8051

    B.GHORAI -April 20, 2007

    i want to manufacture 1000VA sinewave Online UPS with 30min backup on full load.

    jaspreet Singh -April 09, 2007

    hi, im doing my project on BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE , so if anyone who already worked on it , so please send me his/her report ,or helping material . its urgent please help me

    best regards

    faisal farooq -April 06, 2007

    good stuff

    Anonymous -March 13, 2007

    may i know how to generate 40khz square wave using embedded c programming.

    siddharth -March 12, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    i want to generate the sinw wave from the PIC16c72/PIC16c74 of MICROCHIP corp for the invrter designing at output the voltage will be 220VAC and 50Hz frequency.

    pravin -February 16, 2007

    May I know how to generate a sine wave of 5KHz from a square wave with 20V peak-to-peak amplitude

    Ashok Agarwal -February 09, 2007

    respected sir, i want to start my thesis work on a dsp and micro-controller based application. sir please guide me regarding this.

    parvesh saini -January 22, 2007

    I am designing a boost current inverter in 3-phase.I need instructions to build a program using 8051 micocontroller to produce a PWM wave for a three phase inverter.

    Anonymous -January 21, 2007

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    i m designing pic 16F72 based inverter ....is anybody can help me..... i want the full program for ups i am ready to purchase plz mail cgskannan@hotmail.com

    muthu -January 03, 2007

    i m designing pic 16F72 based inverter ....is anybody can help me..... i want the full program for ups i am ready to purchase

    kannan -January 03, 2007

    i m 8th sem B.E.I.C. student.Quite good article.But can u give detailed information about that project

    uday -January 01, 2007   (Article Rating: )

    iam an engineering student want full material with programing and circuit diagram of embedded controller based function generator project

    raghu -December 20, 2006

    Iam looking forwad for the design of dsp sine wave ups,inverter technology

    SURESH KUMAR -December 20, 2006

    I want to design microcontroller based sine wave inverter. Can you help me to make such an inverter?

    AKM. Sirajul Islam -November 27, 2006

    i am working on a project microcontroller based signal generator using 89C51 microcontroller using PWM technique & keyboard interfacing.i would like to know all the details that how should i start my project .plz reply soon.

    nidhi srivastava -November 25, 2006

    respected sir; i need your helop for completing my academic project. my subject is making a inverter for this i select pic 16f73 mcu. for this i planned to using spwm .i am aware of this to implement in software.here i using push pull configration.pleace kindly help me for doin this. i expected your valid replay.

    yours faithfully sunilkumar.s

    Sunilkumar.s -November 07, 2006

    respected sir; i need your helop for completing my academic project. my subject is making a inverter for this i select pic 16f73 mcu. for this i planned to using spwm .i am aware of this to implement in software.here i using push pull configration.pleace kindly help me for doin this. i expected your valid replay.

    yours faithfully sunilkumar.s

    Sunilkumar.s -November 07, 2006

    continued from sinewave generator my email is rockiejm@yahoo.com

    Anonymous -October 09, 2006

    hi, can anyone send me a the schematic of a sinewave generator, one that is easy to design on a breadboard, i need it for a project i am doing to scramble a signal

    Anonymous -October 09, 2006

    GIVE ME SOME WORKING AND TESTED PROJECT IDEA RELATED TO THIS MICROCONTROLLER. 89C2051 OR 89C51 PLEASE INCLUDE PROGRAM.

    subhajit -October 03, 2006

    hi, can anyone give a idea to implementation aof a digital flow meter using pic or a frequency generator using pic...pls help...i having problem v my final year project

    Anonymous -September 27, 2006

    give me some idea of PIC16F72 microcontroller based UPS and Iverter.

    ashish misra -September 01, 2006

    give me some idea of PIC16F72 microcontroller based UPS and Iverter.

    ashish misra -September 01, 2006

    i want made function generator which can generate 20Mhz waveform

    kusu -August 28, 2006

    i want made function generator in a orde MHz

    rae -August 28, 2006

    I want to make circuit which can generate 10 hz sine wave with amplitude 3 v and and offset of 2v

    sunila -August 07, 2006

    I am presently a B.E.-5th semestser(Electronics) from Rajasthan Univ.. I wanted some ideas of PIC16F72 microcontroller based UPS and Iverter.

    Rohit Gupta -August 05, 2006

    I am presently studying in B.E.(Electronics) from Pune University. i wanted some of the project ideas with circuit diagram based on electronics project.sir can u help me out and mail me some of the project ideas with circuit diagram(Microcontroller Based or Software Based) on my above email-id. i wanted a BE level project

    Devendra Gupta -July 29, 2006

    i want to design function genarator using atmel8 microprocessor,but i got some problem in software part kindly help me out

    Anonymous -July 25, 2006

    i want to design function genarator using atmel8 microprocessor,but i got some problem in software part kindly help me out

    rakesh -July 25, 2006

    share me how to built pure sine wave inverters

    harold -July 20, 2006

    hey m a student nebdy plz help me out to make a good project on microcontrollers.plz its very urgent and for all readers its a plee

    gold hassan -July 17, 2006

    hey m a student nebdy plz help me out to make a good project on microcontrollers.plz its very urgent and for all readers its a plee

    Anonymous -July 17, 2006

    i want to make digital filter using with PIC microcontroller.if u have any idea plz send me the project with the coding and the circuit diagram.if u can plz send me with e mail!thanks

    kyimyo -July 11, 2006

    I want to generate sine wave using TI DSP TMS320 C2808 with the help of DAC? So can you please suggest me for which 16 bit DAC I should go for. My frequency range would be from 50-500 Hz. Thank you.

    Pravin -June 21, 2006

    I want to generate sine wave using TI DSP TMS320 C2808 with the help of DAC? So can you please suggest me for which 16 bit DAC I should go for. My frequency range would be from 50-500 Hz. Thank you.

    Pravin -June 21, 2006

    pls help me in designing a sine wave and square wave inverter using micro controller

    R.P.SINGH -June 06, 2006   (Article Rating: )

    hi how r u ? ...plz i want to generate square wave of 40k hz by AT89c51 ...i want its code plz

    hamed -May 29, 2006

    I would like to generate a square wave (base frequncy with continuously changing the duty cycle)using PWM alongwith 8051. Kindly e-mail me your suggestions.could u guide me?thankyou.

    Anonymous -May 17, 2006   (Article Rating: )

    please send me how to generate pwm with v/f ratio control for speed of induction motor using fpga/cpld +microcontroller

    sheetal -May 15, 2006

    Pls could you help with the design of a control scheme for a voltage source Inverter using a micro- controller

    Henry -May 05, 2006

    My mail id is annie.meeraATgmail.com

    Meera -April 28, 2006

    Can someone help me with a way to generte a variable frqucy sine wave using at89c51 with a look up table? please mail ur suggestions..this is important.i am doing a project and our code isnt working!

    Meera -April 28, 2006   (Article Rating: )

    i m designing pic 16F72 based inverter ....is anybody can help me.....

    nalin -March 26, 2006

    i m searching a 89c51 microcontroller based project so if u have any idea plz send me the project with the coding and the circuit diagram.

    dipali shah -March 18, 2006

    i want wireless video modulator and transmitter circuit for range upto 100 metres please guide me

    Anonymous -March 14, 2006   (Article Rating: )

    i would like to generate sine wave of freq 2KHz to 2.2KHz,using MC-89c51.could u please guide.

    Anonymous -February 11, 2006   (Article Rating: )

    i would like to generate sine wave of freq 2KHz to 2.2KHz,using MC-89c51.could u please guide.

    Anonymous -February 11, 2006   (Article Rating: )

    I want to generate sinewave using pic16f77 microcontroller with frequency range from 10 HZ to 1000 HZ , give me a detailed idea.

    varun -February 10, 2006

    I want a close loop circuit for a sinewave inverter, should maintain less distortion in the output. Can any one help

    SREENATH -February 09, 2006

    i want to generate sine wave of variable frequency using pwm technique. i want to make digital meter for ac ,dc voltage&current with the help of microcontroller at89c8051

    vivek -February 06, 2006   (Article Rating: )

    hi plz send me generation of sine wave of variable frequency and the method adapted and general concept of pwmsine wave generation using microcontroller 89c52/8051

    ajith -February 06, 2006

    i want to generate microcontroller based pwm inverter for ac drives

    Anonymous -January 16, 2006

    i want to know abt how to generate sine wave in microcontroller c8051F005. and program used for generation and giv emore explanation abt this

    KIRAN -January 09, 2006   (Article Rating: )

    i want to generate sinewave(pwm) using pic 16f872 controller.

    Anonymous -January 03, 2006

    i want to generate the sinw wave from the PIC16c72/PIC16c74 of MICROCHIP corp for the invrter designing at output the voltage will be 220VAC and 50Hz frequency.

    himanshu aray -January 02, 2006

    i want to design microcontroller based sine wave inverter

    raj -January 01, 2006

    i want to design sinewave inverter

    b.m.reddy -January 01, 2006

    We are currently working on a project, which requires fabricating a variable frequency supply kit using Micro Contollers for testing relays. Can any one plz suggest me how to approach on desining sich kit.

    Pratik -December 17, 2005

    i want to generate sine wave of variable frequency using pwm technique. i want to make digital meter for ac ,dc voltage&current with the help of microcontroller at89c8051

    rahul -October 12, 2005

    I needed to know about the technique of generating sine wave using PWM wave by passing through an H-bridge.

    Suresh B. A -September 25, 2005

    I would like to generate a sine wave with square wave (base frequncy is 25khz with continuously changing the duty cycle)using PWM alongwith 8051.Frequency of sine must be equal to base frequency of pwm o/p square wave. Kindly e-mail me your suggestions.thankyou.

    Anonymous -September 20, 2005

    i want to generate variable sine wave with interfacing adc 0809.input is 40-70hz freq.Microcontroller 89c51 used contain look table.output at DAC should be variable freq. depending on pot position at input.

    girish -September 13, 2005   (Article Rating: )

    This article is very useful to learners.I would like to generate a sine wave with square wave (base frequncy is 25khz with continuously changing the duty cycle)using PWM.Frequency of sine must be equal to base frequency of pwm o/p square wave.I am working on AVR micro controllers. Is it possible? Kindly e-mail your suggestions.thankyou.

    Laxmikanth -March 18, 2005   (Article Rating: )

    This was a necessary info I was searching for.. Can u pls let me know a ckt or a device that generates a sine wave of 5.8 volts and of frequency 1.1512 MHz..It has to be that accurate..I am an engineering student currently working on a project and this device is an important part..pls help thanks

    chaitanya -March 13, 2005   (Article Rating: )

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